Chylous ascytis causing abdominal distension after laparoscopic radical nephrectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of large chylous ascytis as a late complication of a laparoscopic nephrectomy for renal tumor. METHODS: A 62 year old patient was admitted with general deterioration and abdominal distension due to chylous ascites. Abdominal ultrasound and CT led to the diagnosis. Paracentesis confirmed the presence of a large peritoneal chylous fluid effusion. RESULTS: The patient was treated by punction and placement of a percutaneous drainage. A large amount of lymphatic fluid was obtained after punction with a progressive decrease. Medical treatment included low sodium and low fat diet, together with medium chain fast absorbing triglycerides, protein supplements, diuretics and somatostatin analogues (octeotride). The patient's progress was satisfactory after several days of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Chylous ascites is a rare complication of laparoscopic nephrectomy, but it has a favorable course if managed conservatively. Meticulous clipping of the retroperitoneal lymph vessels is recommended to prevent the formation of chylous ascites, especially when discharging the renal vascular pedicle during nephrectomy or extensive lymphadenectomy.

Ascitis quilosa tras neferctomia radical laparascopica que provoca distensión abdominal / Chylous ascytis causing abdominal distension after laparoscopic radical nepherectomy

OBJETIVO: Comunicar un caso de ascitis quilosa masiva como complicación tardía tras la realización de una nefrectomía laparoscópica por tumor renal. MÉTODOS: Presentamos el caso de un varón de 62 años que ingresó por distensión abdominal importante, y malestar general motivado por ascitis quilosa. El diagnóstico realizado mediante ecografía y TAC abdominal con paracentesis confirmó la presencia de abundante acumulo intraperitoneal del liquido lechoso. RESULTADOS: El paciente fue tratado con punción y drenaje peritoneal percutáneo que recogió abundante cantidad de linfa en las primeras horas y disminución del débito de forma progresiva. El tratamiento médico consistió en dieta hiposódica y baja en grasa, triglicéridos de cadena media de absorción rápida, suplementos de proteínas, diuréticos, y análogos de la somatostatina (octeotride). El enfermo evolucionó de forma satisfactoria al cabo de unos días. CONCLUSIONES: La ascitis quilosa es una complicación rara tras la nefrectomía laparoscópica y suele evolucionar bien con tratamiento conservador. Para prevenir su aparición se recomienda un clipaje meticuloso del tejido linfático retroperitoneal sobre todo al realizar la disección del pedículo vascular renal en el caso de nefrectomías o linfadenectomías extensas

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of large chylous ascytis as a late complication of a laparoscopic nephrectomy for renal tumor. METHODS: A 62 year old patient was admitted with general deterioration and abdominal distension due to chylous ascites. Abdominal ultrasound and CT led to the diagnosis. Paracentesis confirmed the presence of a large peritoneal chylous fluid effusion. RESULTS: The patient was treated by punction and placement of a percutaneous drainage. A large amount of lymphatic fluid was obtained after punction with a progressive decrease. Medical treatment included low sodium and low fat diet, together with medium chain fast absorbing triglycerides, protein supplements, diuretics and somatostatin analogues (octeotride). The patient’s progress was satisfactory after several days of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Chylous ascites is a rare complication of laparoscopic nephrectomy, but it has a favorable course if managed conservatively. Meticulous clipping of the retroperitoneal lymph vessels is recommended to prevent the formation of chylous ascites, especially when discharging the renal vascular pedicle during nephrectomy or extensive lymphadenectomy

Vasovasostomía: nuestra experiencia / Vasovasostomy: our experience

OBJETIVO: Desde agosto de1997 hasta diciembre de 2004 hemos realizado 47 vasovasostomíascon la finalidad de revertir la vasectomía, de las que conocemos el resultado de 42, con un seguimiento de al menos 6 meses. La edad media ha sido de 40`7 años y la de sus parejas de 30`8 años.MÉTODO: Los 22 primeros casos se realizaron en 2 planos y 20 en solo uno. En todos los casos se utilizó microscopio óptico.RESULTADOS: La tasa global de presencia de espermatozoidesen el eyaculado ha sido de 71`42% y la de embarazo a término del 32`45%, no encontrando diferencias según la técnica empleada.CONCLUSIONES: Mejor pronóstico a menor edad del paciente y en las recanalizaciones precoces, en cuanto a la presencia de espermatozoides. El índice de embarazoses similar entre las recanalizaciones precoces o tardías

OBJECTIVES: From August 1997 to December 2004 we performed 47 vasovasostomies for vasectomy reversal in the same number of patients. Only 42 patients are available for follow-up, with a mean follow-up of at least six months. Mean age is 40.7 years for the patients and 30.8 for the couples. METHODS: The two-layer technique was applied under microscope magnification in the first 22 patients; single layer technique was performed in the others. RESULTS: Overall spermatozoid patency rate was 71.42%, and pregnancy rate was 32.45%. Surgical technique did not have influence on results. CONCLUSIONS: Better prognosis is expected in young men; the longer the interval between vasectomy and reversal, the lower the patency rate. Regarding pregnancy rate, it is not influenced by delay of reversal

[Surgical details and complications from retransplantation into the iliac fossa for third and fourth kidney transplants]. / Aspectos quirúrgicos y complicaciones derivadas de la reutilización de la fosa ilíaca en los terceros y cuartos retrasplantes renales.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the surgical aspects and complications from retransplantation into the iliac fossa for third and fourth kidney transplants. METHODS: Retrospective study of the 34 third and 5 fourth transplants performed in our department. We analyze patient's characteristics, surgical aspects and complications, and graft outcomes. RESULTS: Mean patient age was 41.6 years. 67% of the first and second transplants had been lost to vascular problems (19%) or chronic rejection (48%). Average time from last transplant in the retransplanted iliac fossa was 9 years (3 days-17 years). There were not significant differences between the groups of first and second transplant and third and fourth in cold ischemia time, number of mismatches, and number of days on hemodialysis after transplantation; there were significant differences in receptor age, number of transfusions, maximum and current antibodies and donor age, all of which were higher in third and fourth transplants. The graft was basically implanted in the right iliac fossa (71%) through a lumbar-iliac iterative incision; vascular anastomosis were equally made to the common and external iliac vessels; ureteral reimplant was performed following an extravesical technique; simultaneous transplant nephrectomy of the previous graft was performed in 33% of the cases. 59% of the cases had immediate diuresis and 49% did not require dialysis within the first 7 postransplant days. Surgical complications were mainly vascular: 4 cases of hemorrhage, 3 venous thrombosis and 2 arterial thrombosis. There were also 4 cases of lymphocele, 1 perirenal hematoma, and 1 enterocutaneous fistula with an abscess of the surgical bed. There were no urologic complications in the series. Globally, there was 1 death (2.5%) secondary to hemorrhage and another 6 grafts (15%) were lost to complications, 5 vascular thrombosis and 1 after surgical bed abscess. 1, 3, 5, and ten-year actuarial graft survival were 65%, 52%, 40% and 28% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Retransplantation into the iliac fossa for third and fourth transplants is associated with a small increase in the number of surgical complications, mainly vascular complications.

Aspectos quirúrgicos y complicaciones derivadas de la reutilización de la fosa iliaca en los terceros y cuartos retransplantes renales / Surgical details and complications from retransplantation into the iliac fossa for third and fourth kidney transplant

OBJETIVO: Analizar los aspectos quirúrgicosy las complicaciones derivadas de la reutilizaciónde la fosa ilíaca para realizar terceros y cuartos retrasplantesrenales.MÉTODO: Estudio retrospectivo de los 34 terceros y 5cuartos retrasplante renales de nuestra serie de 1364trasplantes. Se analizan las características de lospacientes, aspectos y complicaciones quirúrgicas y laevolución de los injertos.RESULTADOS: La edad media fue de 41.6 años. El67% de los primeros y segundos trasplantes se habíanperdido por problemas vasculares (19%) o por rechazocrónico (48%). El tiempo medio desde el último trasplanteen la fosa ilíaca reutilizada fue de 9 años (3 días - 17 años). No hubo diferencias significativasentre el grupo de primer y segundo trasplante respectodel tercero y cuarto en cuanto al tiempo de isquemiafría, incompatibilidades y días de hemodiálisis post-trasplante;fueron significativas la edad del receptor, númerode trasfusiones, anticuerpos máximos y actuales yedad del donante, todos ellos mayores en los tercerosy cuartos. El injerto se colocó fundamentalmente en lafosa ilíaca derecha (71%) a través de un incisión lumboilíacaiterativa; la anastomosis vascular se hizo porigual a los ilíacos externos y comunes; el reimplante ureteralse hizo mediante técnicas extravesicales; en un33% de los casos se realizó trasplantectomía simultáneadel injerto anterior. En el 59% de los casos hubodiuresis inmediata y el 49% no precisó diálisis en los 7primeros días post-trasplante. Las complicaciones quirúrgicasfueron fundamentalmente vasculares; hubo 4casos de hemorragia, 3 trombosis venosas y 2 arteriales.También tuvimos 4 casos de linfocele, 1 hematomaperirenal y 1 fístula enterocutánea con absceso dellecho quirúrgico; no hubo en esta serie ninguna complicaciónurológica. En total hubo 1 fallecimiento(2.5%) debido a hemorragia y se perdieron otros 6injertos (15%) por las complicaciones, 5 por trombosisvasculares y otro por absceso del lecho quirúrgico.La supervivencia actuarial de los injertos fue del 65% alaño, 52% a los 3, 40% a los 5 y 28% a los 10 años.CONCLUSIONES: La reutilización de la fosa ilíacapara realizar terceros y cuartos trasplantes conlleva unligero aumento en las complicaciones quirúrgicas,especialmente vaculares

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the surgicalaspects and complications from retransplantation intothe iliac fossa for third and fourth kidney transplants.METHODS: Retrospective study of the 34 third and 5fourth transplants performed in our department. Weanalyze patient’s characteristics, surgical aspects andcomplications, and graft outcomes.RESULTS: Mean patient age was 41.6 years. 67% ofthe first and second transplants had been lost to vascularproblems (19%) or chronic rejection (48%). Averagetime from last transplant in the retransplanted iliac fossawas 9 years (3 days-17 years). There were not significantdifferences between the groups of first and secondtransplant and third and fourth in cold ischemia time,number of mismatches, and number of days on hemodialysisafter transplantation; there were significantdifferences in receptor age, number of transfusions,maximum and current antibodies and donor age, all ofwhich were higher in third and fourth transplants. Thegraft was basically implanted in the right iliac fossa(71%) through a lumbar-iliac iterative incision; vascularanastomosis were equally made to the common andexternal iliac vessels; ureteral reimplant was performedfollowing an extravesical technique; simultaneous transplantnephrectomy of the previous graft was performed in33% of the cases. 59% of the cases had immediatediuresis and 49% did not require dialysis within the first7 postransplant days. Surgical complications weremainly vascular: 4 cases of hemorrhage, 3 venousthrombosis and 2 arterial thrombosis. There were also4 cases of lymphocele, 1 perirenal hematoma, and 1enterocutaneous fistula with an abscess of the surgicalbed. There were no urologic complications in theseries. Globally, there was 1 death (2.5%) secondaryto hemorrhage and another 6 grafts (15%) were lost tocomplications, 5 vascular thrombosis and 1 after surgicalbed abscess.1, 3, 5, and ten-year actuarial graft survival were65%,52%, 40% and 28% respectively.CONCLUSIONS: Retransplantation into the iliac fossafor third and fourth transplants is associated with a smallincrease in the number of surgical complications, mainlyvascular complications

[Vasovasostomy: our experience]. / Vasovasostomía: nuestra experiencia.

OBJECTIVES: From August 1997 to December 2004 we performed 47 vasovasostomies for vasectomy reversal in the same number of patients. Only 42 patients are available for follow-up, with a mean follow-up of at least six months. Mean age is 40.7 years for the patients and 30.8 for the couples. METHODS: The two-layer technique was applied under microscope magnification in the first 22 patients; single layer technique was performed in the others. RESULTS: Overall spermatozoid potency rate was 71.42%, and pregnancy rate was 32.45%. Surgical technique did not have influence on results. CONCLUSIONS: Better prognosis is expected in young men; the longer the interval between vasectomy and reversal, the lower the potency rate. Regarding pregnancy rate, it is not influenced by delay of reversal.

[Treatment of urinary stress incontinence using suburethral implantation of tension-free vaginal tape (TVT). 4 years' experience]. / Tratamiento de la incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo mediante el implante suburetral de cintas libres de tensión (TVT). 4 años de experiencia.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze our results in terms of continence and complications of treatment of urinary incontinence with TVT during the 4 first years. METHODS: 72 patients underwent surgery for urinary incontinence between 1999 and 2002. Chart review was performed for medical history, physical examination, urodynamic tests, surgical procedure, intraoperative and postoperative complications, objective and subjective results. RESULTS: 62 patients were diagnosed of genuine stress urinary incontinence and 10 patients of mixed urinary incontinence. 14 patients had grade 3 cystocele, 12 of them underwent associated colporrhaphy. Operations were performed under local anaesthesia in 1 patient, spinal anaesthesia in 41 and general anaesthesia in 30. Mean operation time was 32 minutes, 66 minutes when colporrhaphy was associated, and previous surgery did not increase the surgical difficulty. 6 patients (8.3%) suffered bladder perforation which was identified during cystoscopy, but only required reposition of the tape without affecting patients' outcomes; 1 patient had a pelvic hematoma that evolved without sequel; 16 patients (22.22%) had urinary retention which spontaneously resolved between 2 and 60 days, except one case that required section of the mesh. 8 patients (11.11%) developed de novo bladder instability; there were 2 cases of late mesh perforation into urethra or bladder, which were solved by endoscopic mesh section; 3 patients had voiding discomfort and 1 chronic perineum pain. 70 patients (97.3%) achieved continence under stress; nevertheless only 57 patients (79.17%) were satisfied with their outcomes. Main causes for dissatisfaction were failure, de novo instability, persistence of urgency in cases of mixed incontinence, and voiding discomfort. Previous surgery and performance of associated procedures did not influence outcomes, although they were associated with longer operation times and higher incidence of urinary retention. Patients with Valsalva's leak point pressure < 60 H2O cm had slightly worse outcomes (63.5% satisfaction). CONCLUSIONS: TVT is an easy to learn and easy to perform technique, with few complications and good results.

Tratamiento de la incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo mediante el implante suburetralde cintas libres de tensión (TVT). 4 años de experiencia / Treatment of stress urinary incontinence by suburethral implant of tension-free vaginal tape (TVT). 4 year experience

OBJETIVO: Analizar nuestros resultados respecto de la continencia y complicaciones a lo largo de los 4 primeros años de tratamiento de la incontinencia urinaria con TVT. MÉTODO: 72 pacientes operadas entre 1999 y 2002.Se hizo una revisión de la historia clínica recogiendo los datos de anamnesis, exploración física y urodinámica, intervención quirúrgica, complicaciones intraoperatorias y evolutivas, resultados objetivos y subjetivos. RESULTADOS: 62 pacientes fueron diagnosticadas de incontinencia genuina de stress y 10 mixta. 14 pacientes tenían cistocele grado 3 practicándose colporrafia asociada en 12 de ellas. Se utilizó anestesia local en 1 paciente, raquídea en 41 y general en 30. El tiempo quirúrgico fue de 32 minutos y cuando se asoció colporrafia 66, la cirugía previa no aumentó la dificultad quirúrgica.En 6 pacientes (8,3 por ciento) hubo perforación vesical que se identificó en la cistoscopia y sólo precisó recolocación de la malla sin influir en la evolución; en 1 caso hubo hematoma pélvico sin secuelas; 16 pacientes (22,22 por ciento) tuvieron cuadros de retención que se solucionaron entre 2 y 60 días precisando en 1 de ellos la sección de la malla; inestabilidad de novo se observó en 8 casos (11,11 por ciento); perforación tardía de la malla en uretra o vejiga en 2 casos que se solucionó con la sección endoscópica de la misma; discomfort miccional en 3 casos y dolor perineal crónico en 1. La continencia al esfuerzo se logró en 70 pacientes (97,3 por ciento), sin embargo sólo 57 pacientes (79,17 por ciento) estaban satisfechas. El fracaso, la inestabilidad de novo, la persistencia de síntomas de urgencia en los casos de incontinencia mixta y el discomfort miccional fueron las principales causas de insatisfacción. La cirugía previa y la realización de procedimientos asociados no influyeron en los resultados, si bien estos últimos se asociaron a un tiempo quirúrgico mayor y a un mayor porcentaje de retención.Las pacientes con presión de fuga al Valsalva inferior a 60 cm de agua tuvieron resultados ligeramente peores (63,5 por ciento de satisfacción). CONCLUSIONES: El TVT es una técnica de fácil aprendizaje y ejecución, con escasas complicaciones y buenos resultados. (AU)